Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. The authors declare no competing interests. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. The. But an eruption does not worry us. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). CAS Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. They are so enthusiastic. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. . Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. 6.8 km. 2). Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Sometimes beginning with an . Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Sci. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. comm. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. and JavaScript. 1). Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. The kids they can learn everything. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). People living within a 20 km zone . In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. (). The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. Match. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). . This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. That would scare us much more. Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond Report to ICAO-June 2012. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. 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