";s:4:"text";s:19113:"It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The Edict of Toleration by Galerius was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Iskar River in its upper course flows near eastern Sofia. In 1945, the communist Fatherland Front took power. [159] The first census carried out in February 1878 by the Russian Army recorded a population of 11,694 inhabitants including 6,560 Bulgarians, 3,538 Jews, 839 Turks and 737 Romani. The city is a preferred destination for international congresses, and there are a great many halls and centers offering possibilities for every need. In 1018, the Byzantines ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the reborn Bulgarian Empire. Sofia offers many places for its children to play. Being a pedestrian zone, it is a very pleasant place for strolling and relaxation. The Boyana Church, a UNESCO World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. The SS. Among its highlights is the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. [116] Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road. Increasing are frauds, drug-related crimes, petty theft and vandalism. , , 1910 , . Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. [198] The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations. In 1858 Nedelya Petkova created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. Technical assistance and information resources cover a wide range of jail administration and operational issues. Directly across from the church is The National Gallery of Art, which often exhibits works by world-famous artists. [31][32] The emperor Marcus Ulpius Traianus (53117 AD) gave the city the combinative name of Ulpia Serdica;[33][34] Ulpia may be derived from an Umbrian cognate of the Latin word lupus, meaning "wolf"[35] or from the Latin vulpes (fox). It has a humid continental climate. Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grnanger, Adolf Vclav Kol, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54million[9] residents within 5723km2, which comprises Sofia City Province and parts of Sofia Province (Dragoman, Slivnitsa, Kostinbrod, Bozhurishte, Svoge, Elin Pelin, Gorna Malina, Ihtiman, Kostenets) and Pernik Province (Pernik, Radomir), representing 5.16% of the country territory. [110][111] Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.[101]. [73] Even areas with few sources of air pollution, like Gorna Banya, had PM2.5 and PM10 levels above safe thresholds. [200] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[201]. "[102], From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. During May and June, The Palace of Culture welcomes performers participating in the festival Sofia Music Weeks. The capitals many theaters and galleries offer a wide range of interesting exhibits and shows. [117] Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The Slavic name Sredets (), which is related to "middle" (, "sreda") and to the city's earliest name, first appeared on paper in an 11th-century text. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School and the High School of Mathematics, which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates. This process will consider behavior and such other objective factors as are available and relevant when assessing an individual's institutional security needs. It is one of the main stations along BDZ Line 1, and a hub of Lines 2, 5 and 13. Being Bulgaria's primate city, Sofia is home of many of the major local universities, cultural institutions and commercial companies. The citys average altitude is 550 meters above sea level, the climate is moderate and continental, characterized by cold winters and relatively cool summers. It is one of ODRCs central principles to treat people differently based on their conduct while incarcerated. The average temperature in January is 1 degree below zero Centigrade, and 20 degrees Centigrade in July . The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. The lowest recorded temperature is 31.2C (24F) (16 January 1893). These key elements include assessing inmates risks and needs (classification), assigning inmates to housing, meeting inmates basic needs, setting and conveying behavioral expectations, supervising inmates, and keeping inmates productively occupied. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. Practical information for tourists in the Covid-19, Practical information for tourists COVID-19, , National Representation for Tourism of the Republic of Bulgaria, St Nikolas Monastery village of Skravena, Information and recommendations about COVID-19, Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Bulgaria. The species of flora in the park are particularly rich and varied. A map of Sofia Valley. Weather can be very unstable and dynamic with sudden significant temperature amplitudes. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete tower blocks, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of Brutalist architecture. In the immediate vicinity, other historical remains are preserved, such as the municipal baths, the marketplace, and The Holy Sunday Church. A notable local basketball team is twice European Champions Cup finalist Lukoil Akademik. Known as Serdica in Antiquity and Sredets in the Middle Ages, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. Iztok Zapad, 2005. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the Sofia Valley that is surrounded by the Balkan mountains to the north. In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. The Boyana Film studios was at the centre of a once-thriving domestic film industry, which declined significantly after 1990. By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the Bulgarian National Revival. A fundamental principle of ODRC classification processes is to place individuals in the least restrictive setting possible that is still sufficient to ensure the safety and security of persons, the institution, and the community. [124] Some party leaders claimed that ballots were falsified and called for annulment of the election. Sixteen checklists allow administrators to assess performance and effectiveness of jail operations. After the abolition of Communism in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skryscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. [133], With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a quite safe capital city. Akadmiai Kiad, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)", " --[ ]-- . - 18771878 . [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. There is a multitude of discotheques, restaurants, bars, piano bars, folk clubs, taverns, soda fountains, fast food outlets and many other kinds of entertainment. In the churchs crypt, there is an exhibit of Orthodox Christian art. [68] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. It was the capital of the important Sanjak of Sofia as well, including the whole of Thrace with Plovdiv and Edirne, and part of Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Skopje. The Konyarnika Center is 1,507 meters high. Sofia was selected as the capital of the Third Bulgarian State in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Sofia is the second highest capital of the European Union (after Madrid) and the third highest capital of Europe (after Andorra la Vella and Madrid). [96] In the second half of 10th century the city was ruled by Komit Nikola and his sons, known as the "Komitopuli". [70] During the October 2017 March 2018 heating season, particulate levels exceeded the norm on 70 occasions;[69] on 7 January 2018, PM10 levels reached 632g/m3,[72] some twelve times the EU norm of 50g/m3. Prison classification is a method of assessing inmate risks that balance security requirements with program needs. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. It became the capital of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia (Rumelia Eyalet), the province that administered the Ottoman lands in Europe (the Balkans), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of Anatolia. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[152]. From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. [47] The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of 10.4C (13F) and an annual temperature of 8.2C (46.8F). Each staff member with detainee in-processing responsibilities shall receive on-site training; 3. [22], Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world, especially in information technologies. In 1900, the first electric lightbulb in the city was turned on. The citys stadiums draw thousands of fans for matches between the major football teams. Only over 1% of the juridically married do not de facto live within marriage. "Als sie die Dentheleten angriffen, kam Crassus diesen zur. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an official religion (under Galerius). : +359 2 4918344 Tel. [112], In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. Population over the years (in thousands): According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole Sofia Capital Municipality of 1,500,120. Mount Vitosha borders on the Vitosha Natural Park, which is the oldest nature reserve on the Balkan Peninsula. The Bulgarian patron saint John of Rila was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor Peter I in the mid 10th century. Visitors exploring the citys streets can see remnants of The Eastern Gate from the days when Sofia was Serdika and Sredets, dating from the 2nd-4th centuries CE. Sofia and the immediate vicinity also boast a great many spa complexes. As incarcerated individuals progress to lower security levels, they receive additional privileges and autonomy to make pro-social decisions. For Constantine the Great it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. Founded thousands of years ago, today the city continues to develop as the countrys cultural and economic center. [38] In these documents the city is called Sofia, but at the same time the region and the city's inhabitants are still called Sredecheski (, "of Sredets"), which continued until the 20th century. Fourteen chapters comprise this guide: introduction; role, purpose, and characteristics of the jail; administration; facilities; staffing and scheduling; staff recruiting, selection, and retention; staff training; security, safety, and emergency preparedness; inmate behavior management; inmate discipline and grievance; special management; inmate services and programs; jail intake and release; and getting started on the job. Still standing are the Dragalevski, Lozen, Germanski, Kremikovski, Cherepishki, and Osenovlashki Monasteries, among others. [21] This triangle was recently expanded to a "square" and includes the Catholic Cathedral of St Joseph. Sofia is Bulgaria's capital and its largest city. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets. All images, advertising and video materials and/or other information published on this website are property of the Ministry of Tourism and are protected by the Law on Copyright and Related Rights,according tothe Bulgarian laws to all applicable international and relevant acts of the European Union. [78][87] It gradually became the most important Roman city of the region. The NIC Jails Division's services include training, networks, technical assistance, and information resources, such as documents and DVDs. Ivanova, Svetlana, "ofya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. [53][54], The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. We also sponsor a peer-training network for large jail administrators, including meetings and an online discussion forum. [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. 151156. There are four principal parks Borisova gradina in the city centre and the Southern, Western and Northern parks. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. 18792004". Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. III. Aleko is at an altitude of 1,800 meters, and its slopes face north. When Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia into Dacia Ripensis (on the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. The city became an inseparable part of The First Bulgarian Empire (7th-9th centuries) under Han Omurtag (reign 814-831). This guide to OJC is intended for both jail administrators and other officials involved in local criminal justice system issues. After the Liberation War, knyaz Alexander Battenberg invited architects from Austria-Hungary to shape the new capital's architectural appearance.[117]. [188] All major types of transport (except water) are represented in the city. Sofia has an extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power (CHP) plants and boiler stations. The National Palace of Culture, the citys football stadiums, and the citys large halls are venues for concerts and performances by famous individuals and groups. Kliment Ohridski, Tel. Sofia Municipality is identical to Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. While walking in the area, visitors will also see the Banya Bashi Mosque, built in the 16th century. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. [71], Particulate matter concentrations are consistently above the norm. It was liberated five centuries later, in 1878, and on April 3, 1879, it was declared the capital of the newly-liberated Bulgarian nation. The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. [165] The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400. In the 1st century BC, Serdika was captured by the Romans, who transformed it into a Roman city. Sofia Airport provides travelers with convenient connections to all major European cities, and from the central train station and bus station, passengers can reach every destination in the country. ", "Museum of Socialist Art National Gallery", "NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTE Information for the area of city of Sofia", " , . The heat distribution piping network is 900km (559mi) long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings. [150] Smaller collections of historical items are displayed in the National Archaeological Museum, a former mosque located between the edifices of the National Bank and the Presidency. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. The city has an extensive green belt. Out of 464,865 homes 432,847 have connection to the communal sanitary sewer, while 2,732 do not have any. ";s:7:"keyword";s:25:"inmate classification vg3";s:5:"links";s:541:"Is It Possible It Was Moved, Renamed Or Deleted,
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