";s:4:"text";s:30019:"The 1971 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire at Persepolis, organized by the government, was attacked for its extravagance. The shutdown of the universities was preceded by attacks on foreign forces on university campuses. Some 300 students required hospital treatment. culture in iran pre revolution - islamiccenterofnaperville.org . In negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari, the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and Karim Sanjabi, and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations. "[186] However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the Imam, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. Although it is one thing in the USA that we believe in the freedom of religion we shouldnt judge this country either. After the 1953 Iranian coup d'tat, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the Western Bloc and cultivated a close relationship with the United States in order to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. However, the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri.[55]. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the National Consultative Assembly (also known as the Majlis), and approval of the first constitution. Purging of non-Islamic influences among academia after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, This article is about the Iranian Cultural Revolution, 19801983. The body is not stipulated in the Constitution but "was formed under the special circumstances that were prevailing in the early stages of the revolution. Thousands of komiteh or Revolutionary Committees[205] served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property". Leftist and Islamist groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the SAVAK secret police. [308], The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education. Learn More Women In Iran Learn about women in Iran before and after 1979 Learn More Iranian Culture On April 18, 1980, after Friday prayers, Khomeini gave a speech harshly attacking the universities. Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the Soviet Union, Iran's powerful northern neighbor. [241], In January 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected president of Iran. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 Tobacco Protest. The revolution dried all the blossoms of the so-called "Persian rose and nightingale" culture. [6][14], Under the Shah's guidance, Sharif-Emami effectively began a policy of "appeasing the opposition's demands before they even made them. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the Shah stepped down from power later that month. Iranian Culture Pre-Islamic Revolution By: Gabriel Godwin, Miranda Clark, Courtney Hurtn, Zehra Quadr sports men at the age of 24 participated in these sports the popular sports were wrestling, skiing, polo, and soccer. Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers (who were there on behalf of the regime) who were ordered to shoot if necessary. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. During his time as shah, Mohammad Reza carried out a national development program called the White Revolution with the help of the United States. While land owners raked in profits from sales, many sharecroppers failed to subsist on their own crops, let alone make a profit. "[9][100][101][115], Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including Tehran. It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition. [142], Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. This White Revolution included many new developments, such as land reform, an expanded road, rail, and air network, and the eradication of diseases such as malaria. Weeks later, government workers began to strike. From 1901 on, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1931), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. The pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was determined to drag the country into the 20th-century, and photographs of 1970s Tehran give the outward appearance that it was little different from Washington or New York. "[9] Attacks continued April 21 and "the next day at the Universities at Ahwaz and Rasht. Some left easily with their families on vacations, but others had to leave on foot through mountains hoping to survive the journey to safety, praying to be reunited with their families one day. Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets, fleeing Iran in disguise. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. In light of his continued vocal opposition to the modernization campaign after being arrested twice, Khomeini was exiled from Iran in 1964. I understand the necessity for religion to find its own medium for it to function, but I suppose its disappointing to know that something as controlling like this is currently a harsh reality that more specifically, women will have to go through. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar. Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution,[5][148] he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the peasantry in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the aristocracy in the city. Other shortcomings of the previous regime. The nation must obey him. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people. See disclaimer. Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General Reza Khan, the commander of the elite Persian Cossack Brigade who seized power in a coup d'tat in February 1921. She has contributed to national newspapers such as The Independent and The Times of London, covering subjects as diverse as travel, mental health and disaster-zone news. Pre-Islamic Iranian culture and its effect on Islamic civilization and Arabic literature. Fashion in Iran Pre-Revolution was very westernized. This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 07:16. (1:152)[311] These ancient practices continued into the Islamic period of Iran, with one scholar noting how "homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses and coffee houses. If you want to use our website, please turn off AdBlock. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. "[174], After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran You are in the vanguard of the movement. Tehran's martial law commander was General Gholam-Ali Oveissi, who was known for his severity against opponents. "[180] Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex. opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah, example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took.". [279], Views differ on the impact of the revolution. Salzman, Philip Carl. The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Irans long history. ", "Human Rights & Democracy for Iran: Monir Taheri: One Person's Story", "How the BBC helped bring the Ayatollah to power", "Lakeland Ledger Google News Archive Search", "Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini", "US had extensive contact with Ayatollah Khomeini before Iran revolution", "The Prescott Courier Google News Archive Search", "The Khomeini Era: Iran Becomes a Theocracy", "Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution", "Iran: 25th Anniversary Of Islamic Revolution Commemorated Amid Serious Political Crisis", "Iran marks 25th anniversary of Islamic revolution", "Iran Chamber Society: The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran", "The role of women in the victory of the Islamic revolution", "Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij Mobilisation Resistance Force", "Iranian Government Constitution, English Text", "History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution", "Investigating the 1981 Massacre in Iran: On the Law-Constituting Force of Violence", "Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran", "Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis", "Op zoek naar de verdwenen slachtoffers van de Iraanse revolutie", "Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred", "Iranian Revolution: Arafat and the Ayatollahs", "Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people", "Russia and Iran Put on a Show of Unity Against the U.S.", "The new power couple: Russia and Iran in the Middle East European Council on Foreign Relations", " 25 - - - Tasnim", ": ", "Iran stresses deepening of the 25-year bilateral cooperation program with China", "Gov't Approves 25-Year Roadmap for Iran-China Cooperation", " ", The soul of Iran: a nation's journey to freedom, Professor Hamid Algar, the Distinguished Shia Muslim Scholar in USA, "Large Number of Iranian Prisoners to Be Pardoned for Revolution Anniversary: Khamenei", "Iran may release huge number of prisoners", "Large number of Iranian prisoners to be pardoned for revolution anniversary Khamenei", "National Literacy Policies/Islamic Republic of Iran", Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women, "Iran's unsung rebellion By Syed Saleem Shahzad", "A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran", "Ministers of Murder: Iran's New Security Cabinet", "Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression", "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love", "Trump and Gay Rights The Future of the Global Movement", "Political Risk to Investment in Iran: Sanctions, Inflation, Protectionism, War, Bonyads, and the IRGC", "Iran: 5. In 1952, Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider [14][101][116], Worse for the Shah was that the Western media, especially the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. A CIA analysis in August concluded that Iran "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. He fostered economic development in Iran and also maintained a pro-Western foreign policy. [156][157], Some sources (such as Emadeddin Baghi, a researcher at the Martyrs Foundation) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 197879 during the Revolution. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in Egypt, never to return. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed. In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the Goharshad Mosque rebellion. [109] Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, whilst the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. [164] According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed. [231][229][233], In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. [118] In an attempt to dampen inflation, the Amuzegar administration cut spending and reduced business. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. [209] Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. [170] Not only participating through voting, women contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans. [1] Hojjatol-Islam Mohammad Khatami was appointed as a member of the High Council for Cultural Revolution[21] in 1996[22][citation needed] and became its head in 1997. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. Throughout history, women in Iran have played numerous roles, and contributed in many ways, to Iranian society. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting "Allahu-akbar" ('God is great'). In the early Safavid era (1501-1723), male houses of prostitution (amard khaneh) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. as well as other partner offers and accept our. [194], The most important bodies of the revolution were the Revolutionary Council, the Revolutionary Guards, Revolutionary Tribunals, Islamic Republican Party, and Revolutionary Committees (komitehs).[195]. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or Islamic Consultative Assembly) and whether its bills can become law they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi Issues New Statement to Iranian Royalists Following Demonstrations., College of Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences. The government was replaced with an Islamic republic, which continues to this day. [329], It is said that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. For Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, see, Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "State-University Power Struggle at Times of Revolution and War in Iran", " | ", "Philosophy in Tehran | Dissent Magazine", Foundation anniversary of the Islamic Propagation Organization (I.O.P) by Khomeini's order, "Students Brace for Second 'Cultural Revolution', "Supreme Cultural Revolution Council (SCRC)", "Objectives of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution", The Culture of revolution: Revolutionary transformation in Iran, Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, in a Lecture in Demark: Christian Morality Dissolved in the Acid of Capitalism and Secularism, Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution: We Are Stronger Than America and the West. [260][261] While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate[d] the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of SAVAK, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. A student organization of St. Marys University of San Antonio, Texas, featuring scholarly research, writing, and media from students of all disciplines. Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Persian Enqelb-e Eslm, popular uprising in Iran in 197879 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. The "Committee for Islamization of Universities" carried out the task by ensuring an "Islamic atmosphere" for every subject from engineering to the humanities. Iranian music Persian symphonic music- famous composers: Gholam-Hossein Minbashian, Amihollah hossein Folk music Theresa Harrison has been a journalist for more than 20 years. Criticisms have been raised with regards to political freedom, governmental honesty and efficiency, economic equality and self-sufficiency, or even popular religious devotion. [168] Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself,[169] and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male counterparts. It is evident we are not. [320][321], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (PPP) has grown from $114billion in 1980 to $858billion in 2010. ", Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) as government, that Muslimsin fact everyonerequired "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Be self-dependent and do not expect any help from the foreigners. [208], In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. Remember that one group is researching PRE-Islamic revolution, and one group is researching POST-Islamic revolution. [178] Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. [101][116][132][133], As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $6751 in 2016. Culture in Iran (Pre-Islamic Revolution) Group Use the following webpages to answer the questions about Iranian culture below. The Iranian Islamic Revolution wiped out those gains. According to journalist Yaroslav Trofimov, "the Pakistani officers, many of whom had graduated from Western military academies, seemed swayed by the ayatollahs intoxicating words."[276]. During the shahs reign there had been an increase of women in labor force participation, but following these new religious laws, there was a drastic decrease of women in the workforce. [178] Women's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves. [315], Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men. [247], When leaders of the National Front called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy "if they did not repent". "[159][160][161] In reference to this 60,000 figure, the military historian Spencer C. Tucker notes that "Khomeini's regime grossly overstated the revolution's death toll for propaganda purposes". Pahlavi brought great reforms for women, who could now cast off the chador veil and were encouraged to wear western dress. The president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of Khuzestan, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. People are tired of the way things are in the country and want less religion and more modernization. [322] GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from $4,295 in 1980 to $11,396 in 2010. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. 1077 Words5 Pages. Prelude to revolution Reza Shah Pahlavi [203] The Islamic Republican Party[204] then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat-e faqih. [308] More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for women's issues. One European newspaper, the Frankfurter Neue Presse, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." [122][14][109][142], [T]hrough the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. [219] Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. Over two million protesters[136] (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the mullahs from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding Shahyad Square. [188] Khomeini was in his mid-70s, never held public office, been out of Iran for more than a decade, and told questioners "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. For the 19051911 revolution, see, "1979 Revolution" redirects here. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home. [239] Riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers seizing the Tabriz television station and using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." Opposition to the shahs policies was accentuated in the 1970s, when world monetary instability and fluctuations in Western oil consumption seriously threatened the countrys economy, still directed in large part toward high-cost projects and programs. Bakhtiar went into hiding, eventually to find exile in France. Those who did not make it out on time or refused to leave knew they would be arrested or even killed. "[180] During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. [122][109] Martial law was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of Western culture and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Iran was under constant US unilateral sanctions, which were tightened under the presidency of Bill Clinton. In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. Weeks later -- on Jan. 16 1979 -- the Shah fled the country. By the 1960s, he received the title of grand ayatollah, which made him one of the supreme religious leaders of the Shiite community of Iran. The future of our country depends on your support. [17] While the revolution achieved its goal of ridding the universities of Western influence, it also greatly weakened Iran in the fields of science and technology needed for development. Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores, as well as government and police buildings, were seized, looted, and burned. Iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Permits were issued for the marchers, and troops were removed from the procession's path. He produced a number of writings in Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics, but what made him best known among the people of Iran was his opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and everything he was doing. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time curfew was established. Two young women in Tehran in 1956 relish their resemblance to famous Iranian actresses. [25] The repressive focus on the academy stems from the history of Iranian schools and universities serving as the hotbeds of political opposition, particularly during the beginning of Reza Shah's government. Our opponents do not dare act against us. On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including Mohammad Beheshti, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. For the first time in more than half a century, the secular intellectualsmany of whom were fascinated by the populist appeal of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a former professor of philosophy in Qom who had been exiled in 1964 after speaking out harshly against the shahs recent reform programabandoned their aim of reducing the authority and power of the Shii ulama (religious scholars) and argued that, with the help of the ulama, the shah could be overthrown. Social and political protest was often met with censorship, surveillance, or harassment, and illegal detention and torture were common. "[175] Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar Yazdi Ha'iri, in the 1930s. [308] After the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941, the discipline of the government decreased, and women were able to further exercise their rights, including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted. [167], The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in Iranian society. The sense that in both agriculture and industry too much had been attempted too soon and that the government, either through corruption or incompetence, had failed to deliver all that was promised was manifested in demonstrations against the regime in 1978. Pre-Revolution Iranian Culture The earliest writings on Islamic music were from the 9th century The earliest songs were the huda,from the huda came nasb, rukbani and many other kinds of music, these all came from the nomadic people In the markets competitions of music and poetry were held frequently. Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community. Whereas on 15 March 1978, 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar, in January 2018, 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar. [306] Reports of torture, imprisonment of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups. [40] When President Carter enacted a human-rights policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside. [14] Students in the University instructor program, for example, "were required to be practicing Muslims, to declare their loyalty to the doctrine of the vice regency of the faqih. [322], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015. Will this revolution take things back to the way they were during the monarchy? ", Another aspect was that many teachers, engineers, economists, doctors, and technocrats left Iran to escape the Cultural Revolution. [73], This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book Islamic Government, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini[74][75] among his opposition network of students (talabeh), ex-students (able clerics such as Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Mohammad Mofatteh), and traditional businessmen (bazaari) inside Iran. Trade with the West, which was curtailed after the revolution because of sanctions, was a boost to the economy. [172] Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the Majlis. [19][109][111][112], On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. [69], Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially martyrdom, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam,[71] and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism, ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan "Neither East, nor West Islamic Republic! In a desperate move, he once had his soldiers lock a movie theater full of people in, set the theater on fire, and then tried to blame it on religious fanatics, hoping to scare his people into keeping him in power. [109] Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of martyrs must water the "tree of Islam"),[101] radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests. ";s:7:"keyword";s:30:"culture in iran pre revolution";s:5:"links";s:359:"Where Was The First Giovanni's Pizza,
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